نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال بیستم شماره 1 (پیاپی 43، بهار 1402)

The progress, development and dynamism of societies depend on the forces affecting them. Children and young adults as the future generations and decision makers will become useful and effective people for society if they go properly through the process of socialization. By their presence and activity in various social and economic fields, they will create stability in society. Thus, a society can have pioneers who have invested in the education of their children. The function of socialization is to adapt people with the dominant culture of the society. The transfer and continuation of values that aren’t in line with the economic development of societies shows that socialization hasn’t been successful. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the socialization of consumption among the youth of Tehran. Twenty-three participants of 20 to 35 were selected purposefully for the study. According to the coding process, the central category was “continuity of multiplicity of consumption behavior”. The central category showed that the consuming behavior of the society is not a coherent and integrated one and psychological, economic and socio-cultural causes, contextual conditions (economic and cultural characteristics of the family, sanctions and irresponsibility of the producer and the decreasing influence of parents), and intervening conditions such as social role-modeling and family upbringing style have caused the transfer of different cultural values and patterns to individuals, some of which push the society towards development and others do not. Due to the transfer of these values, it can be said that the function of consumption socialization has been disrupted and it has failed to adapt consumers with the dominant culture of the society and push the society towards development.

Recent historical changes in Iran have created a generational gap. Younger Iranians appear to be bound by different values, which, if appropriately recognized, will help employees avoid numerous conflicts and challenges and take a good approach to their workplace. It is difficult for people to fulfill their potential while in dispute and conflict. Besides, understanding the values of different generations can lead these organizations to a high degree of job satisfaction, commitment, retention, and creativity. Consequently, human resource management should find a way to nurture human engagements and collaborations by building cohesive multigenerational teams to make the best use of human forces’ abilities of different generations with a wide range of values. This study examines generational differences in human values in Iran to help human resource management takle potential challenges. For this purpose, two empirical studies were conducted. The first one employed 71 Iranian families (238 adult children and parents) to examine generational differences in human values through Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire. The second study focuses on gathering more detailed information by interviewing 125 family members to support the first study’s findings. The first study found generational differences in all values studied except benevolence, with the younger generation favoring power, achievement, and hedonism over conformity and tradition. Generally, the first and second studies’ results matched.

Due to the importance of Iran's demographic changes in the past decades, the purpose of this study is to identify the socio-economic factors related to the desire to have children. The current research is a descriptive-analytical research of secondary analysis type and survey method and is applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of these data is related to the attitude plan of young people on the verge of marriage towards having children, which was conducted by the Institute of Statistics. For this purpose, 374 people have been selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. They data was analyzed via SPSS 22 software. Data was then analyzed using Linear Regression, Chi-squared test, One-Way Anova. The results showed that about 2.7 percent of people were childless and 33.1 percent of people with one child did not want to have another child. There is a significant difference in the desire to have children in the variables of social support, sex, age, gender preference, and job status, but there is no significant relationship between the desire to have children and social pressure, worry about having children, socio-economic base, place of residence, education, home status and the duration of internet use. Among the variables that have a direct effect on the desire to have children, gender preference and job status have the greatest negative impact, and social support is the only variable that has a positive effect on the desire to have children. In total, the research variables have been able to explain 0.56 percent of the changes in the desire to have children. In order to create the desire to have children and have children, one should pay attention to the role of factors such as social support and women's professional and family life and plan and make policies to strengthen them.

Human resources are the main factors of development in every organization. Those are more important in education system, because this institution trains skilled human resources for other organizations. Therefore, education needs interested people to be more effective in the education system. If a society wants to achieve industry and technology development it should pay attention to different occupational groups of the society, especially teachers. Hence the purpose of this study is to reconstruct female teachers’ semantic understanding of their jobs in Babol. Grounded theory was used to conduct the study. The participants in the research were female teachers in Babol (Mazandaran, Iran) in 2021. Through purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 people, which continued until the saturation of data. The theoretical implementation and coding of the text of the interviews led to the extraction of eight categories: interest, preservation of human dignity, satisfaction, lack of respect for rights, appropriate feedback, structural problems, values, unchangeable educational system, high social values, low material values. Contrary to popular belief, teachers considered their jobs to be respectable and of high social value, and at the same time dissatisfied with financial issues and lack of facilities and equipment. Accordingly, the core category was “contentious job satisfaction and burnout due to anomic structure”. Due to the emergence of the core category, it is necessary for education managers to implement programs to promote and improve job motivation and a sense of self-efficacy.

Childlessness and one-child style in the world have been deep and significant consequences of rapid fertility decline in the 20th century that has brought several challenges. This study investigated the prevalence of childless and one-child families and the factors affecting them in Tehran city. The statistical population of this survey included the married people of Tehran city, among of which 1273 married men and women were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The analysis was done using SPSS software and binary logistic regression. There have been 2.4% childlessness ideal, 16.5% one-child ideal, 4.1% childlessness intention, and 24.9% one-child intention. The childlessness and one-child ideal and intention are affected by a set of contextual, attitudinal, structural, and marital variables. The childlessness ideal is affected significantly by egalitarian attitudes and decreased feeling of security and childlessness intention is significantly affected by egalitarian attitudes, decreased feeling of security and decreased marital happiness. One-child ideal is significantly more reported among men and young people and people of higher income, lower religiosity, egalitarian gender attitudes and a lower feeling of security. One-child intention is reported significantly more among men, young people, people of having higher degrees, lower religiosity, egalitarian gender attitudes, and lower feeling of security. Generally, it can be said that childlessness intention and ideal are not common and one-child intention and ideal were more common. Childlessness and one-child intention are more than childlessness and one-child ideal. The attitudinal variables have been more effective than other factors. Taking proper policies will reduce the gap between the intention and the ideal of childbearing and will increase fertility.

This study tried to reread the development policies of Hashemi Rafsanjani’s governments, considering Peter Evans’s communication model of developmental governments. Two main features of developmental governments are reliance on Weberian bureaucracy and the integration of government with civil society. Using quantitative and qualitative content analysis of news headlines of Etela’at Newspaper, as one of the main newspapers of the government from 1989 to 1997 (the eight-year period of the fifth and sixth governments), these features were analyzed. The results showed that over the years, considering the features of a government based on Weberian bureaucracy, a huge portion of interviews, speeches, and news talks of the government are about such issues as human resources development, reforming administrative methods and systems, reforming administrative structures and organizations, and laws and regulations. On the other hand, regarding the integration of the government with the civil society, one cannot find anything about the civil society. The civil society has been replaced with the unorganized groups of people. One cannot find any sign of civil society in this government. The government has relied on people only for the economic development of Iran and for monitoring the administrative reforms. That is, the government has turned to people only to get support and financial aid in order to achieve its economic purposes. According to Evans', this kind of government possesses only one feature of the developmental governments, and has showed somehow incomplete development. Relying only on Weberian bureaucracy and ignoring civil society from 1989 to 1997 make us to see Hashemi’s government a non-developmental government.

Nowadays, virtual social networks play important roles in couples’ relationships. Since virtual social networks can play an effective role in cultural development and human relations, they have become a serious threat to families due to improper. This qualitative research was conducted using the grounded theory method (Strauss and Corbin’s (2000) approach). Thirteen themes were selected based on 21 clients of the counseling center and specialists of the centers as a targeted and theoretical sampling. Data analysis was done using Atlas.Ti7 software. The results on the consequences of fluid love showed that the more the presence of couples in virtual networks, the more it affects marital disputes, domestic violence, emotional divorce, emotional and sexual diversity and decreased trust, increased misunderstandings and extramarital behaviors. Therefore, based on the model of the formation of fluid love in social networks, it was determined that these categories cause weakening of the family foundation, emotional divorce, extramarital affairs, and reduction of social capital. Moreover, the affecting causal factors are autonomous life, self-love, self-destruction, individualization and proof of identity and disobedience of otherness, and background factors are patriarchy, destruction of morality, livelihood problems, and socio-economic damage to the family. The formation of love is fluid in virtual networks.

The ethnic electoral behavior researches in Iran have been mainly carried out in places with different ethnicities. Taking a different perspective, this research was conducted in Yasouj which includes a dominant ethnicity and tried to investigate the tribal preference in election behavior and its relationship with tribal identity and traditionalism. The statistical population of the study includes all the citizens who took part in the 11th parliament elections, among of which 406 people were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. The research instrument for measuring the variables of traditionalism and tribal identity are two researcher-made questionnaires, which their validity and reliability were determined using the construct validity, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. In order to assess the tribal preference of the respondents, the adaptation of the answers of the participants to their chosen tribe and candidate was used. So, they were divided into two groups with tribal preference and without tribal preference regarding the parliament election. The descriptive findings of the research showed that, 38.6% of participant voted based on the tribal affiliations. On the other hand, the analytical findings using logistic regression analysis revealed that traditionalism and gender increase the probability of tribal preference in electoral behavior, but academic education decreases the tribal preferences regarding the voting behavior. Moreover, the variables of tribal identity, age, marital status, and employment status do not show any statistically significant relationship with the tribal preference in the electoral behavior.